<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">glonucsec</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Глобальная ядерная безопасность</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Global Nuclear Safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-414X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2499-9733</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26583/gns-2025-04-02</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">RWUQOK</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">glonucsec-374</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЯДЕРНАЯ, РАДИАЦИОННАЯ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NUCLEAR, RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роботизированная система для выполнения химических синтезов с анализом продуктов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Robotic system for performing chemical synthesis with analysis of products</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5772-8399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серов</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serov</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат химических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории автоматизированных биохимтехнологий отдела перспективных исследований; доцент кафедры неорганической химии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci(Chem), Leading Researcher of the Laboratory of automated biochemical technologies of the Department of Advanced Research; Associate Professor, Department of Inorganic Chemistry</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Serov.Nikita@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2364-9867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адыгамов</surname><given-names>М. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Adygamov</surname><given-names>M. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории автоматизированных биохимтехнологий отдела перспективных исследований; аспирант </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of automated biochemical technologies; Postgraduate student</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">musa20930@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0090-0292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубь</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golub</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистрант направления «Хемоинформатика и молекулярное моделирование»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Master's student, Chemoinformatics and Molecular Modeling program</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">toxa.mix7@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5012-0308</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гимадиев</surname><given-names>Т. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gimadiev</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории автоматизированных биохимтехнологий отдела перспективных исследований; доцент кафедры органической химии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD. Sci(Chem), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of automated biochemical technologies, Department of Advanced Research; Associate Professor, Department of Organic Chemistry</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Timur.Gimadiev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, Химический институт им. А.М. Бутлерова;&#13;
Федеральный исследовательский центр «Казанский научный центр Российской академии наук»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan Federal University, A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute;&#13;
Federal Research Center «Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, Химический институт им. А.М. Бутлерова</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan Federal University, A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>29</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Серов Н.Ю., Адыгамов М.Ш., Голубь А.О., Гимадиев Т.Р., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Серов Н.Ю., Адыгамов М.Ш., Голубь А.О., Гимадиев Т.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Serov N.Y., Adygamov M.S., Golub A.O., Gimadiev T.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://glonucsec.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/374">https://glonucsec.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/374</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной работе описана роботизированная установка для выполнения химических синтезов с анализом продуктов, выполненная с целью создания прототипа робота-химика. Основой послужила автоматизированная система «LifeBot» от российско-японской компании Эвотэк-Мирай Геномикс. Система «LifeBot» была изначально разработана для выделения нуклеиновых кислот и приготовления смесей. Для перепрофилирования системы под химические задачи были сделаны различные модификации, в том числе увеличение числа хранящихся растворителей и растворов, дозируемых через дополнительно установленные перистальтические насосы, расширение числа доступных реагентов через модификацию хранилища и добавление манипулятора и стойки с хранилищами. Наиболее существенной модификацией стало оснащение установки самодельным смесителем с нагревом и контролем температуры, который и позволяет осуществлять параллельные химические синтезы. Еще одной важной модификацией стало добавление интерфейса взаимодействия с жидкостным хроматографом, благодаря чему возможно выполнение анализа реакционных смесей после синтеза. Программное обеспечение написано на языке Python и позволяет осуществлять как прямой контроль над физическими аспектами роботизированной системы, так и проводить параллельные синтезы в автоматическом режиме, начиная с расчета требуемых объемов реагентов, их отбора и приготовления реакционных смесей, продолжая перемешиванием в течение установленного для синтеза времени с нагревом до требуемой температуры и заканчивая отбором и разбавлением проб для анализа и их отправкой на хроматограф. Таким образом, присутствие человека требуется только во время подготовки к синтезу (загрузка растворов в хранилища, установка чистых наконечников дозатора и реакторов) и после завершения синтеза (удаление использованных реакторов и наконечников), что является перспективным в плане минимизации контакта человека при работе с вредными и/или опасными веществами. Автоматизированное выполнение синтезов на роботизированной установке с последующим анализом продуктов было проверено на реакциях образования олигопептидов глицина под действием триметафосфата натрия, в которых варьировались условия синтеза: соотношения реагентов, температура, время процесса.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper describes a robotic system for performing chemical syntheses with product analysis, made with the aim of creating a prototype of a robot chemist. The basis was the automated system from the Russian-Japanese company Evotech-Mirai Genomics called «LifeBot». «LifeBot» was originally developed for isolating nucleic acids and preparing mixtures. To reprofile the system for chemical tasks, various modifications were made, including increasing the number of stored solvents and solutions dosed through additionally mounted peristaltic pumps, expanding the number of available reagents by modifying the storage and adding a manipulator and a rack with storage. The most significant modification was equipping the setup with a mixer with heating and temperature control, which allows parallel chemical syntheses execution. Another important modification was the addition of an interface for interacting with a liquid chromatograph, that makes it possible to analyze reaction mixtures after the synthesis. The software is written in Python and allows both direct control over the physical aspects of the robotic system and automatic parallel syntheses execution, starting with calculation of the required volumes of reagents, preparation of reaction mixtures, followed by stirring for the time required for synthesis with heating to the selected temperature and finishing with sampling and dilution for analysis and their sending to the chromatograph. Thus, human presence is required only during pre-synthesis preparations (loading solutions into storage, installing clean dispenser tips and reactor tubes) and after synthesis completion (release from used reactors and tips), which is promising in terms of minimizing human contact while working with harmful and/or hazardous substances. The operation of the system in automated syntheses with product analysis was tested on the reaction of glycine oligopeptide formation under the action of sodium trimetaphosphate, in which the synthesis conditions were varied: reagent ratios, temperature, process time.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>робототехника</kwd><kwd>химический синтез</kwd><kwd>анализ продуктов</kwd><kwd>автоматизация химических процессов</kwd><kwd>ВЭЖХ-анализ</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>хемоинформатика</kwd><kwd>органические реакции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>robotics</kwd><kwd>chemical synthesis</kwd><kwd>product analysis</kwd><kwd>automation of chemical processes</kwd><kwd>HPLC analysis</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>chemoinformatics</kwd><kwd>organic reactions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФИЦ КазНЦ РАН.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was funded by financial support from the gov-ernment assignment for FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasquez J., Twigg-Smith H., Tran O’Leary J., Peek N. Jubilee: An Extensible Machine for Multi-tool Fabrication. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI ’20: CHI Conference on Hu-man Factors in Computing Systems. Honolulu HI USA: ACM, 2020. P. 1–13. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3313831.3376425</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasquez J., Twigg-Smith H., Tran O’Leary J., Peek N. Jubilee: An Extensible Machine for Multi-tool Fabrication. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI ’20: CHI Conference on Hu-man Factors in Computing Systems. Honolulu HI USA: ACM, 2020. P. 1–13. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3313831.3376425</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saugbjerg J.R., Jensen T.B., Hinge M., Henriksen M.L. A modular low-cost automated synthesis machine demonstrated by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Reaction Chemistry &amp; Engineering. 2023;8(11):2866–2875. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RE00345K</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saugbjerg J.R., Jensen T.B., Hinge M., Henriksen M.L. A modular low-cost automated synthesis machine demonstrated by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Reaction Chemistry &amp; Engineering. 2023;8(11):2866–2875. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RE00345K</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Godfrey A.G., Masquelin T., Hemmerle H. A remote-controlled adaptive medchem lab: an innovative approach to enable drug discovery in the 21st Century. Drug discovery today. 2013;18:795–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2013.03.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Godfrey A.G., Masquelin T., Hemmerle H. A remote-controlled adaptive medchem lab: an innovative approach to enable drug discovery in the 21st Century. Drug discovery today. 2013;18:795–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2013.03.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Lu Y., Xu Y., Liu C. et al. AIR-Chem: Authentic Intelligent Robotics for Chemistry. Journal of physical chemistry A. 2018;122(46);9142–9148. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10680</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Lu Y., Xu Y., Liu C. et al. AIR-Chem: Authentic Intelligent Robotics for Chemistry. Journal of physical chemistry A. 2018;122(46);9142–9148. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10680</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meshkov A.V., Yurova V.Yu., Aliev T.A., Potapov V.V. et al. Collaborative robots using computer vision appli-cations in a chemical laboratory. Mendeleev communications. 2024;34(6):769–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mencom.2024.10.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meshkov A.V., Yurova V.Yu., Aliev T.A., Potapov V.V. et al. Collaborative robots using computer vision appli-cations in a chemical laboratory. Mendeleev communications. 2024;34(6):769–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mencom.2024.10.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim J.X.Y., Leow D., Pham Q.C., Tan C.H. Development of a Robotic System for Automatic Organic Chemistry Synthesis. IEEE Transactions on automation science and engineering. 2021;18(4):2185–2190. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2020.3036055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim J.X.Y., Leow D., Pham Q.C., Tan C.H. Development of a Robotic System for Automatic Organic Chemistry Synthesis. IEEE Transactions on automation science and engineering. 2021;18(4):2185–2190. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2020.3036055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu Q., Huang Y., Zhou D., Zhao L. et al. Automated synthesis of oxygen-producing catalysts from Martian me-teorites by a robotic AI chemist. Nature synthesis. 2023;3(3):319–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-023-00424-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu Q., Huang Y., Zhou D., Zhao L. et al. Automated synthesis of oxygen-producing catalysts from Martian me-teorites by a robotic AI chemist. Nature synthesis. 2023;3(3):319–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-023-00424-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin K.N., Rubsamen M.S., Kaplan N.P., Hendricks M.P. Method for interfacing a plate reader spectrometer di-rectly with an OT-2 liquid handling robot. ChemRxiv. Preprint. 2022. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-6z4q1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin K.N., Rubsamen M.S., Kaplan N.P., Hendricks M.P. Method for interfacing a plate reader spectrometer di-rectly with an OT-2 liquid handling robot. ChemRxiv. Preprint. 2022. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-6z4q1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee E.C., Salley D., Sharma A., Cronin L. AI-Driven Robotic Crystal Explorer for Rapid Polymorph Identifica-tion. Cornell University arXiv:2409.05196. 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.05196</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee E.C., Salley D., Sharma A., Cronin L. AI-Driven Robotic Crystal Explorer for Rapid Polymorph Identifica-tion. Cornell University arXiv:2409.05196. 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.05196</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burger B., Maffettone P.M., Gusev V.V., Aitchison C.M. et al. A mobile robotic chemist. Nature. 2020;583(7815):237–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2442-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burger B., Maffettone P.M., Gusev V.V., Aitchison C.M. et al. A mobile robotic chemist. Nature. 2020;583(7815):237–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2442-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dai T., Vijayakrishnan S., Szczypiński F.T., Ayme J.-F. et al. Autonomous mobile robots for exploratory synthet-ic chemistry. Nature. 2024;635(8040):890–897. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08173-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dai T., Vijayakrishnan S., Szczypiński F.T., Ayme J.-F. et al. Autonomous mobile robots for exploratory synthet-ic chemistry. Nature. 2024;635(8040):890–897. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08173-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dragone V., Sans V., Rosnes M.H., Kitson P.J., Cronin L. 3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemis-try. Beilstein journal of organic chemistry. 2013;9:951–959. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dragone V., Sans V., Rosnes M.H., Kitson P.J., Cronin L. 3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemis-try. Beilstein journal of organic chemistry. 2013;9:951–959. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chisholm G., Kitson P.J., Kirkaldy N.D., Bloor L.G., Cronin L. 3D printed flow plates for the electrolysis of wa-ter: an economic and adaptable approach to device manufacture. Energy &amp; environmental science. 2014;7(9):3026–3032. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE01426J</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chisholm G., Kitson P.J., Kirkaldy N.D., Bloor L.G., Cronin L. 3D printed flow plates for the electrolysis of wa-ter: an economic and adaptable approach to device manufacture. Energy &amp; environmental science. 2014;7(9):3026–3032. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE01426J</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steiner S., Wolf J., Glatzel S., Andreou A. et al. Organic synthesis in a modular robotic system driven by a chem-ical programming language. Science. 2019;363(6423):eaav2211. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav2211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steiner S., Wolf J., Glatzel S., Andreou A. et al. Organic synthesis in a modular robotic system driven by a chem-ical programming language. Science. 2019;363(6423):eaav2211. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav2211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bédard A.-C., Adamo A., Aroh K.C., Russel M.G. et al. Reconfigurable system for automated optimization of di-verse chemical reactions. Science. 2018;361(6408):1220–1125. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat0650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bédard A.-C., Adamo A., Aroh K.C., Russel M.G. et al. Reconfigurable system for automated optimization of di-verse chemical reactions. Science. 2018;361(6408):1220–1125. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat0650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coley C.W., Thomas D.A., Lummiss J.A.M., Jaworski J.N. et al. A robotic platform for flow synthesis of organic compounds informed by AI planning. Science. 2019;365(6453) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax1566</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coley C.W., Thomas D.A., Lummiss J.A.M., Jaworski J.N. et al. A robotic platform for flow synthesis of organic compounds informed by AI planning. Science. 2019;365(6453) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax1566</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koscher B.A., Canty R.B., McDonald M.A., Greenman K.P. et al. Autonomous, multiproperty-driven molecular discovery: From predictions to measurements and back. Science. 2023;382(6677). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi1407</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koscher B.A., Canty R.B., McDonald M.A., Greenman K.P. et al. Autonomous, multiproperty-driven molecular discovery: From predictions to measurements and back. Science. 2023;382(6677). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi1407</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adamo A., Beingessner R.L., Behnam M., Chen J. et al. On-demand continuous-flow production of pharmaceu-ticals in a compact, reconfigurable system. Science. 2016;352(6281):61–67. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1337</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adamo A., Beingessner R.L., Behnam M., Chen J. et al. On-demand continuous-flow production of pharmaceu-ticals in a compact, reconfigurable system. Science. 2016;352(6281):61–67. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1337</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meshkov A.V., Nikitina A.A., Aliev T.A., Gromov V.S. Robotization of Synthesis and Analysis Process of Gra-phene Oxide-Based Membrane. Advanced intelligent systems. 2024;6(5):2300655. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300655</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meshkov A.V., Nikitina A.A., Aliev T.A., Gromov V.S. Robotization of Synthesis and Analysis Process of Gra-phene Oxide-Based Membrane. Advanced intelligent systems. 2024;6(5):2300655. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300655</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rial‐Rodríguez E., Williams J.D., Cantillo D., Fuchb T. et al. An Automated Electrochemical Flow Platform to Accelerate Library Synthesis and Reaction Optimization. Angewandte chemie. 2024;136(51):e202412045. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202412045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rial‐Rodríguez E., Williams J.D., Cantillo D., Fuchb T. et al. An Automated Electrochemical Flow Platform to Accelerate Library Synthesis and Reaction Optimization. Angewandte chemie. 2024;136(51):e202412045. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202412045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen T.B., Saugbjerg J.R., Henriksen M.L., Quinson J. Towards the automation of nanoparticle syntheses: The case study of gold nanoparticles obtained at room temperature. Colloids and surfaces A: Physicochemical and engi-neering aspects. 2024;702(2):135125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.135125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jensen T.B., Saugbjerg J.R., Henriksen M.L., Quinson J. Towards the automation of nanoparticle syntheses: The case study of gold nanoparticles obtained at room temperature. Colloids and surfaces A: Physicochemical and engi-neering aspects. 2024;702(2):135125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.135125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serov N.Yu., Shtyrlin V.G., Khayarov Kh.R. The kinetics and mechanisms of reactions in the flow systems gly-cine–sodium trimetaphosphate–imidazoles: the crucial role of imidazoles in prebiotic peptide syntheses. Amino Acids. 2020;52:811–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-020-02854-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serov N.Yu., Shtyrlin V.G., Khayarov Kh.R. The kinetics and mechanisms of reactions in the flow systems gly-cine–sodium trimetaphosphate–imidazoles: the crucial role of imidazoles in prebiotic peptide syntheses. Amino Acids. 2020;52:811–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-020-02854-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
