The article considers the specifics of establishing operating limits and safe operating limits in terms of power for critical test facilities during neutron-physical tests of propulsion reactor cores. Based on an aspect-oriented analysis, it is shown that within the power range typical of critical assemblies, the thermal and structural aspects do not determine the choice of the limiting power, whereas the radiation aspect becomes decisive. The relationship between neutron power, the measured neutronic characteristics, and the readings of ionization chambers is analyzed, and two stages that are critical from the standpoint of radiation safety are identified: operation of the critical assembly at power and personnel handling of fuel assemblies after their removal. It is shown that at constant neutron power, the dose rate measured by the radiation monitoring system in the critical facility room may remain nearly unchanged as it is governed primarily by prompt radiation components and biological shielding. At the same time, the dose-rate characteristics of fuel assemblies after irradiation are determined by the accumulated activity of fission products and activation products and depend on the irradiation history. It is substantiated that the maximum permissible operating conditions should be defined as allowable «power–operating time» combinations linked to the predicted dose rate from fuel assemblies and to the limits applicable to transport packages. The use of a digital twin of the critical assembly is proposed for the prompt prediction of dose-rate characteristics, which calculates the dose rate from fuel assemblies based on the irradiation history. The methodology makes it possible to relate protection setpoints and test regimes to objective radiation safety criteria, reduce uncertainty at the stage of fuel-assembly removal, and ensure the required accuracy of neutron-physical measurements when expanding the range of tested core types. 

The article considers the solution to the problem of determining the power generation plan for the generating facility, which is a wind power plant. Wind power, as a key renewable energy source, faces high generation uncertainty due to variability of meteorological conditions. In order to solve the task of optimizing the power generation plan at wind power plants, this work applies machine-learning methods that allow for analyzing large amounts of data obtained from various sensors and meteorological stations. The use of machine learning models helps to accurately predict energy production, which in turn allows to optimize the operation of wind power plant, including by adjusting the modes of maximizing the installed capacity utilization factor (ICUF). Several mathematical models are considered – k-nearest neighbor model, decision tree model, random forest model and gradient boosting. These models are chosen because of their algorithmic simplicity, their learning is relatively fast, and also because of their independence from data type. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained from each model, the gradient-boosting model is chosen - the highest coefficient of determination on validation data is obtained for the shortest time of data processing. Also created a virtual interface for easier data entry and visualization of results.

This paper discusses the development and implementation of tools for interactive hiding of the half-space of a modeled area for design systems. The relevance of this research comes from the need for effective analysis of the internal structures of complex 3D models at the pre-processing stage. The C++ programming language is chosen as the tool to implement the interactive occlusion algorithm, integrated with the VTK and OpenGL visualization libraries, as well as the GLSL shader language. The paper describes in detail the mathematical model and implementation of an interactive 3D widget that allows the user to control the position and orientation of the cutting plane in real time using affine transformations (translation, rotation, scaling). The study pays particular attention to the implementation of algorithms for two types of data. An approach based on vertex and fragment shaders has been developed for geometric models: the position of vertices relative to the plane equation is calculated, elements are clipped, and only those above the plane are discarded, then interpolation is performed on the primitive, and the use of a stencil buffer ensures correct “coloring” of the cross-section to preserve the illusion of a solid object. A topological filtering algorithm is implemented for mesh models that physically cuts off cells and rearranges elements intersected by the plane. The developed functionality is of high practical importance, as it is designed to speed up the model preparation process. Testing results on a number of models demonstrate the high speed of the algorithm, the correctness of the display of cross-sections, the efficient use of resources for its task, and high scalability. The practical significance of the work lies in the integration of the developed interactive occlusion tools into specialized software, which allows engineers to significantly speed up the model preparation process, effectively identify geometric collisions, and set boundary conditions on both surface and internal elements.

It is necessary to solve the problem of residual magnetization of the parts in the process of manufacturing thick-walled equipment at the stage of assembling and welding elements using arc welding (especially on a direct current). During the production of reactor housings 3100-R-101 and 3100-R-102 at the Atommash production site
in Volgodonsk, a high residual magnetization of the workpieces was recorded, which occurs as a result of previous technological operations, both related to thermal and mechanical effects on the metal, and under the influence of strong permanent magnetic fields, including those caused by the current flowing through them. Residual magnetization disrupts the stability of the arc, causing it to deviate from the axis of the joint and leading to various defects in the weld bead. The welding literature has highlighted the harmful effects of residual magnetization, ranging from local defects such as spatter, porosity, undercuts, and lack of penetration to the complete inability to form a weld bead.

The article discusses the practical aspects of the phenomenon's impact on the arc welding process of large-sized thick-walled reactor equipment, the causes of magnetisation, the application of demagnetisation techniques, and quantitative control of the residual field to ensure that welding work is carried out with the required quality. The application of the practical method proposed in this work allows reducing residual magnetisation to 300 nT even at very high initial values (up to 1970 nT), which makes it possible to perform welding operations using any arc processes with high quality indicators.

Currently, additive manufacturing techniques, in particular selective laser melting, are increasingly being used to produce a new generation of titanium nickelide with unique shape memory and superelastic properties. This approach allows the creation of products with complex geometric shapes that are virtually impossible to obtain using traditional metalworking methods. However, despite the obvious advantages of this method, there is an urgent need for a detailed study of the influence of selective laser melting parameters on the forming microstructure, mechanical properties, and other characteristics of titanium nickelides. Unetched polished micro-sections of titanium nickelide obtained by selective laser melting are used as samples for the study. The paper presents the results of a study using atomic force microscopy of the structural features of titanium nickelide samples before and after heat treatment. The application of this method made it possible to obtain quantitative data on the surface topography with high resolution. The sizes of grains, inclusions, and martensitic plates are measured at the micro- and nano-levels. A direct correlation between structure type and micromechanical characteristics such as deformation and elastic modulus is identified. It is shown that a methodology based on atomic force microscopy with the use of additional experimental methods and statistical data processing can be used as the basis for high-precision diagnosis of the structural and phase state of alloys. This is of paramount importance for the nuclear industry, as it not only complements traditional metallographic analysis, but also provides unique data on the behavior of materials at the nanoscale. This information is essential for substantiating the long-term operability of products under conditions of intense ionizing radiation and high thermomechanical loads, thereby ensuring the required level of reliability and safety in the operation of critical equipment.

This article considers the challenge of verifying the consistency of the process model within the integrated management system (IMS) of JSC «Concern Rosenergoatom». Despite the formalization of activities through process passports, the scale and dynamic nature of the model, which comprises 50 to 70 different processes, lead to inconsistencies in inter-process interactions, traditionally identified through manual auditing. To automate this process, a specialized software solution implementing a two-stage algorithm is proposed. The first stage involves automated syntactic parsing of documentation and the construction of a formalized model represented as a directed graph of interconnections. The second stage conducts an algorithmic audit of the model based on a cross-check of the input and output parameters of related processes for consistency. The outcome is a structured report that objectively records all identified discrepancies. The developed tool enables the detection of contradictions during the development phase of process documentation, minimizing reliance on subjective expert analysis and significantly enhancing the overall quality and integrity of the management system. The implementation of this tool shifts the focus from labor-intensive expert review to systematic algorithmic control, thereby considerably improving the quality of process passports during their creation, strengthening the integrity of the IMS, and enhancing management reliability in the critical field of nuclear power.

The relevance of this study is determined by the necessity to minimize economic losses resulting from reduced electricity output during the stretch-out operation of VVER-1000 power units. The objective of the work is to analyze the efficiency of utilizing the sliding pressure mode in the second circuit to release additional reactivity through the temperature effect and to increase electricity generation. A comprehensive mathematical model has been developed, incorporating reactivity balance equations (considering temperature and power effects), heat balance and heat transfer equations for the steam generator, and the Stodola–Flügel equation for steam flow rate. The simulation is performed using the United Cycle CAD system, where the thermal schematic of the K-1000-60/1500-2 turbine unit was created and verified. A comparative assessment of three extended campaign modes is conducted: power reduction at constant pressure, the sliding pressure mode, and a combined sliding pressure mode with staged disconnection of high-pressure heater (HPH) groups. The simulation is carried out for the range of reactor thermal power reduction corresponding to the extended campaign period. It is established that the application of sliding pressure with HPH disconnection allows maintaining a higher level of electrical power compared to the base mode, thereby providing a significant additional economic effect. Concurrently, an increase in exhaust steam moisture content at the turbine outlet is identified, which necessitates coordination with the manufacturer. A staged schedule for HPH disconnection is proposed, ensuring optimal mode management based on the criterion of maximizing power output. The implementation of this technology is most relevant for NPPs located in southern regions characterized by higher condenser pressure. The obtained results can be utilized in the development of operational documentation and the safety justification for extended campaigns of VVER-1000 power units.

The article describes the experience of modernising the electro-hydraulic automatic control and protection system (ACPS) of the K-1200-6 turbine unit. 8/50 at power unit No. 1 of the Novovoronezh NPP-2, carried out in 2025 to improve reliability, speed and accuracy of control, as well as to eliminate self-oscillations and unstable modes. Areas for modernisation of the AСPS project are identified through a thorough analysis of the results of commissioning work, during which self-oscillations of the control oil pressure periodically occurred. Thus, electro-hydraulic transducers-summators (EGP-S) are replaced with electromagnetic transducers (EMP), and pressure self-stabilisers are installed on oil pipelines. The use of servo drive cabinets (SDC) provides a two-channel control system for control valves with the ability to create and store an operational technological archive. The use of servo motors for control valves without mechanical feedback has significantly increased their speed, and the use of electromagnetic servo motor converters has increased the mean time between failures compared to the designed electro-hydraulic converters. The modernisation has simplified the design of the ACPS with a significant reduction in the hydraulic component of the control process, which has led to a decrease in the probability of self-oscillations in the control system. The reduction in the volume of pipelines and the optimisation of the complex hydraulic circuit not only increased the speed and accuracy of turbine speed control, but also reduced operating costs, simplified maintenance and increased the service life of the turbine equipment by minimising mechanical vibrations and wear on parts. The modernised automatic control and protection system of the K-1200-6.8/50 turbine stably withstands the specified electrical load, reliably ensuring the possibility of its smooth change.

One of the main goals of the nuclear industry is to achieve and maintain a high level of safety. The formation and development of a safety culture is a key factor in the successful operation of the industry. Belarus faces the challenge of developing its own model of safety culture. International experience confirms that the human factor has a significant impact on the safe operation of nuclear facilities. It is undoubtedly true that national mentality features influence interpersonal interaction styles, decision-making methods, and communication characteristics, including in the field of safety. In this context, studying the typical features of the Belarusian national character and their impact on the organizational behavior of nuclear industry employees is an important task for maintaining safety at an achievable high level. In this article, the authors explore the influence of national mentality on the safety culture of the nuclear industry in the Republic of Belarus. The research is based on the Country-Specific Safety Culture Forum (CSSCF) methodology, which enables an assessment of how national characteristics influence safety culture. This article reviews the structure and key stages of the CSSCF methodology. Authors also analyze the impact of cultural values on organizational behavior in countries such as Sweden, Finland, Canada and Japan. The article presents the requirements of the current regulatory framework of the Republic of Belarus regarding the formation of a safety culture among employees working in the field of nuclear energy use, as well as international regulations. The results of a pilot forum dedicated to the study of Belarusian national characteristics in the context of their impact on safety in the nuclear industry are presented. The article examines how the national character traits of Belarusians relate to the identified patterns of organizational behavior.

This paper examines injury dynamics and the economic effectiveness of industrial safety measures in the UMP JSC over 2020–2024. The study relies on internal reporting data: the number of lost-time injuries, the LTIFR indicator, and annual expenditures on occupational and industrial safety. A comparative time-series analysis of «injuries-expenditures» is performed, accounting for the specifics of beryllium processing (thermal and mechanical hazards, toxic beryllium aerosols). LTIFR declined from 0.18 (2020) and 0.28 (2021) to 0.00 in 2022–2024, coinciding with increased safety investments in 2022–2023 and subsequent cost optimization in 2024. The results indicate a systemic effect driven by a combination of engineering barriers (extraction and dust collection, local enclosures, interlocks, modernization of lifting equipment), control of high-risk work (hot, gas-hazardous, rigging, LOTO), and strengthened behavioral discipline. The trajectory of «zero LTIFR» aligns with the ALARP model and suggests positive economic returns on targeted safety investments. Limitations include data aggregation, lack of breakdown by incident type, and the absence of leading indicators (near misses, micro-injuries).

Introduction. Safety culture in the nuclear industry is traditionally considered in relation to individual enterprises. However, in a situation where the key player – Rosatom State Corporation – organises its activities through an extensive network of partner organisations (contractors, suppliers, scientific and service structures), the task arises of transmitting uniform safety standards beyond the parent company. The objective of this study is to identify and systematise the mechanisms by which external regulatory requirements are transformed into sustainable internal practices of partner organisations, i.e. the mechanisms of habitualization of safety culture in the partner network. Methods. The study is conducted in a qualitative paradigm based on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus, stakeholder theory, and the neo-institutional approach. The empirical basis is formed by Rosatom's corporate reports on safety, industry standards, and materials from relevant organisations. Results. Four key mechanisms of habitualization have been identified. First, normative and value structuring, in which safety values are consistently specified in policies, standards, and qualification requirements covering all network participants. Second, measurement transparency, where the introduction of a system of key indicators and public reporting creates an environment and data become the basis for decisions and feedback. Thirdly, investment routinisation, whereby the steady growth in occupational health and safety and environmental costs and their project detailing transform safety from a declaration into an integral part of the production budget. Fourth, responsibility for the entire life cycle, implemented through federal target programmes that allow partners to be involved in addressing issues related to heritage management, land rehabilitation and green practices. These mechanisms form a multi-level engagement system, where the depth of partner integration depends on their role – from basic contract compliance to strategic co-investment. Conclusions. The results obtained show that the formation of a unified security culture in a distributed network requires not only the enforcement of rules, but also the creation of conditions under which security becomes an integral part of the organisational habitus of partners.

The objective of the study is to assess the potential and consider options for the effective use of alternative energy sources in the climatic conditions of Africa, taking into account the environmental, economic, and social aspects that contribute to achieving the priorities of the green agenda and accelerating the economic development of the region. This article examines Africa as a comprehensive object of analysis that encompasses both its rich ethno-cultural environment and its unique geography, topography, natural, and raw materials ecosystem. The study also focuses on the rapid development of the continental economy over the past few decades. It is concluded that most of the available research focuses on biodiversity, demography, anthropology, former colonial dependence, and the history of exploration and settlement of the "black" continent. In addition, scientists and practitioners pay close attention to a wide range of economic issues in this part of the world. In the context of modern scientific views, the continent is no longer identified solely as the hypothetical ancestral home of all humanity, but is now also viewed as a sovereign center of power in the global arena and as a strategic partner with vast natural and mineral resources. Africa has all kinds of resources for generating electricity (including not only solid fuels and hydrocarbons, but also renewable sources), which is why the article substantiated the relevance of analyzing and evaluating the changes that are taking place in the continent's energy sector during its industrial development. The article also argued for the importance of studying alternative energy sources in the context of Africa's climate realities and their integration into the global green agenda. The main methods used in the article were expert assessments, literature analysis, and comparative and statistical analysis. The main result of the study is the conclusion that it is necessary to develop renewable energy sources in Africa, which is due to a number of factors (economic stabilization, rapid population growth, urbanization, and climate change).